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Changes of temperature were measured for stack actuators having various values of E c and bending strength. The increase of temperature was 75°C in the center of low E c stack for a starting environment temperature of 120°C with 130 Hz driving frequency. The low E c Stack exhibited 30% degradation in displacement after 107 cycles which was caused by self-heating. K p, displacement and bending strength decreased at the pellets near the center of low E c stack after 107 cycles testing. These deteriorations were caused by decrease of part of the domain rotation. Change in properties of decomposed pellets from high E c stack appeared less compared with the low E c stack. It seems that E c value has a strong influence on durability compared to bending strength.
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Sakai et al. (1998) studied this question.
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