Effect of Ang II Receptor Inhibition on GSK-3β/CREB/BDNF Signalling in REM Sleep Deprivation-Induced Memory Impairment

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Graphical summary of the study design illustrating the protective effects of telmisartan against REM sleep deprivation–induced impairments. Figure created with publication rights from BioRender.com

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  Fig. 2. Effect of telmisartan on learning and memory performance of rats tested in the Morris water maze. A Escape latency of rats in the hidden platform test for four consecutive days. B Time spent in the target quadrant after 21 days of REM sleep deprivation. Repeated measures were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank or Friedman test, as appropriate; significant Friedman results were further analyzed with Dunn’s post hoc test. The data are expressed as median (min-max). *p < 0.05, significantly different from control group; # p < 0.05, significantly different from SD group

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  Fig. 3. The effect of telmisartan on levels of BDNF, CREB, GSK-3β, MCT2, LDH of rats. A BDNF levels in the hippocampus tissue, B CREB levels in the hippocampus tissue, C GSK-3β levels in the hippocampus tissue, D MCT2 levels in the hippocampus tissue, E LDH levels in the hippocampus tissue. Group comparisons for numerical variables were conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis test (with post hoc Dunn’s test for pairwise subgroup comparisons when significant differences were detected). The data are expressed as median (min-max). *p < 0.05, significantly different from control group; # p < 0.05, significantly different from SD group

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  Fig. 4. The effect of telmisartan on levels of BDNF, CREB, GSK-3β, MCT2, LDH of rats. A BDNF levels in the prefrontal cortex tissue, B CREB levels in the prefrontal cortex tissue, C GSK-3β levels in the prefrontal cortex tissue, D MCT2 levels in the prefrontal cortex tissue, E LDH levels in the prefrontal cortex tissue. Group comparisons for numerical variables were conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis test (with post hoc Dunn’s test for pairwise subgroup comparisons when significant differences were detected). The data are expressed as median (min-max). *p < 0.05, significantly different from control group; # p < 0.05, significantly different from SD group

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  Fig. 5. The effect of telmisartan on levels of CORT of rats and brain/body weight ratio levels of rats. A CORT levels in plasma, B brain/body weight ratio levels. Group comparisons for numerical variables were conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis test (with post hoc Dunn’s test for pairwise subgroup comparisons when significant differences were detected). The data are expressed as median (min–max). *p < 0.05, significantly different from control group