[reaction: see text] An array of tetrasubstituted pyrroles (and trisubstituted furans) was obtained using a simple three-step procedure. Functional homologation of a beta-ketoester with an aldehyde followed by oxidation gave a series of differently substituted 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds that can be rapidly cyclized with the Paal-Knorr procedure carried out under microwave irradiation.
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Minetto et al. (2004) studied this question.
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