Fresh Frozen Cadavers as a Novel Training Model for Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate fresh-frozen cadavers (FFC) as a novel model for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) training, focusing on ultrasound-guided supine PCNL. Methods: Sixteen urologists participated in a 2-day course at a tertiary center to assess the utility of an FFC model for ultrasound-guided supine PCNL. After the procedure, the participants completed a 24-question evaluation of the FFC model using a 5-point Likert scale. The questionnaire assessed tissue quality, US imaging, procedural steps, overall experience compared to live patient procedures, and suitability of the model for both basic and advanced supine PCNL training. Results: The tactile sensation, skin stiffness, and distensibility of the calyces resembled real-life scenarios as the cadavers thawed. Similarly, US quality was worse in frozen cadavers and improved after irrigation with the collection system. Valdivia-Galdakao positioning is considered more difficult than in real life, because of rigor mortis. Conclusion: FFC demonstrated robust content validity as a training model for PCNL. The model provides a realistic and effective training experience, offering a promising tool for developing critical surgical skills, while minimizing radiation exposure and procedural risks.