Proteome-wide curation of experimentally validated HPV T-cell epitopes identifies key gaps in our understanding of cellular immunity to HPV and informs vaccine design

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) drives both malignant and benign tumours. Current prophylactic vaccines are type-restricted, not optimised for T-cell induction, and lack therapeutic efficacy. Although T-cells are critical for both preventing and clearing HPV infection, experimentally validated HPV T-cell epitopes remain fragmented across the literature, limiting systematic evaluation of cellular immune targets. Methods We curated experimentally validated HPV T-cell epitopes from the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Epitopes were mapped across HPV proteins and genotypes, and analysed for response rate, sequence conservation across 454 representative HPV genomes, and HLA restriction patterns. Results 485 unique experimentally validated HPV epitopes have been described (133 studies; 1,494 functional assays). Consistent with research focus and viral biology, E6 and E7 proteins account for >60% of known HPV epitopes despite accounting for ~10% of the viral proteome. High-risk HPV types, especially HPV16 and HPV18, were the most studied ( p <.001) and were enriched for CD8 + epitopes ( p <.001). We identified major knowledge gaps, including: underrepresentation of structural proteins such as L2; limited epitope coverage for low-prevalence HPV genotypes; a bias towards common HLA alleles. In silico analysis indicated greater conservation of epitopes in L1/L2 and across high-risk HPV types. Conserved, commonly detected, and HLA-promiscuous epitopes were highlighted and we provide panels of candidate epitopes for consideration in immune monitoring, broad-spectrum prophylactic vaccines, and high-risk targeted therapeutic vaccines. Conclusion This study provides the first comprehensive atlas of experimentally validated HPV T-cell epitopes and ranked epitope candidates for translational application. We demonstrate that our understanding of HPV T-cell immunity is constrained by biases in antigen, genotype and HLA focus and by incomplete epitope mapping. Addressing these gaps will be essential for a comprehensive assessment of cellular immunity and for utilising T-cells in next-generation vaccines.