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Experimental study demonstrates enhanced fluoride adsorption by calcium chloride-modified avocado peel carbon, highlighting its utility for water defluoridation.
Carbon (CAP) and calcium chloride‐modified carbon composite (CAMP) were prepared from Hass avocado peel to examine the relationship between physicochemical and morphological properties and fluoride adsorption. CAP was obtained by thermal activation under nitrogen, and CAMP was produced by wet impregnation with calcium chloride. Both materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM EDS), focused ion beam transmission electron microscopy (FIB TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area analysis, zeta potential, and isoelectric point determination. Chemical properties were evaluated following ASTM methods, and the concentration of surface functional groups was estimated by Boehm titration. The raw material exhibited a smooth, low‐porosity surface, whereas CAP showed a porous, amorphous structure. After modification, CAMP presented dispersed calcium‐containing particles and additional carbonate‐ and oxygen‐containing surface functionality, as evidenced by FTIR. Adsorption tests indicated limited fluoride uptake by CAP, whereas calcium modification increased surface reactivity and the number of sites involved in fluoride adsorption.
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Rodríguez‐Calderón et al. (2026) studied this question.
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