Biosynthesis of the immunosuppressant immunomycin: the enzymology of pipecolate incorporation

Immunomycin, an immunosuppressant closely related to FK 506, contains a pipecolate residue in amide linkage with an acyl group in its polyketide backbone. An enzyme activating L-pipecolic acid has been isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. ascomyceticus, which produces immunomycin. Purification results in a monomer of 170 kDa exhibiting N-terminal heterogeneity, apparently arising from proteolysis of a single species. It is a dimer under native conditions. The reaction appears to use an aminoacyl adenylate as an intermediate in the activating reaction, as do most activating enzymes involved in nonribosomal peptide synthesis. A range of pipecolate and proline analogues act as substrates in the pyrophosphate-ATP exchange resulting from the adenylation reaction. Several analogues are inhibitors of the subsequent thioesterification of the enzyme. Antibody raised to the purified enzyme was used to follow antigen during the course of fermentation. Maximal levels of antigen are found when synthesis of immunomycin is maximal. Ten of twelve immunomycin nonproducing mutants lack detectable pipecolate-activating enzyme in Western blots. From the enzymatic characteristics, substrate specificity, and immunological properties, we propose that we have isolated the enzyme responsible for activating pipecolic acid for immunomycin biosynthesis.