Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of triazine‐resistant and triazine‐susceptible biotypes ofSolanum nigrum– analysis using RAPD markers

The expansion of weed species is a major problem in agriculture, especially when the number of herbicide‐resistant biotypes is rising continuously. The major ecological questions associated with the evolution of herbicide resistance involve an intricate understanding of the interplay between gene frequency, fitness, inheritance and gene flow. In this study, the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique, which facilitates detection of variability at DNA level, was used to examine the spread ofSolanum nigrumL. populations. Twenty‐five populations, from Poland, France and the UK, were analysed. Six populations from Poland and one from France showed target site‐based triazine resistance. The genetic relationship between individuals was studied using the RAPD technique. It was found that some resistant populations from the Gabin and Grojec areas show very high affinity levels compared with individuals from France. Three groups of populations in which resistance had developed independently were distinguished. The results of the present investigation suggest that migratory birds, such asTurdus pilarisL. andSturnus vulgarisL., play an important in spreadingS. nigrumseeds.