Risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients: A scoping review

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common orthopedic disorder with unknown ethiopathogenesis. Recent studies have shown possible link between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and the onset and development of AIS. Although the risk factors of VDD in general population have been introduced, these risk factors might differ in AIS patients. Here, we review risk factors introduced to be associated with VDD in AIS patients. Inappropriate diary intake, female gender, physical inactivity, dressing habits, psychological discomfort, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, high bone turnover, bracing, and vitamin D receptor polymorphism are discussed in more detail as possible risk factors of VDD. Risk factors identification and modification are key elements in treatment of VDD in AIS patients.