Image states on Pd(111) with various coverages of Ag were investigated by two-photon photoemission spectroscopy for temperatures between 90 and 1300 K. The formation of three-dimensional islands, smooth layers, and surface alloys is identified. The transition from one-dimensional localization in front of the surface to three-dimensional localization on top of Ag islands with diameters between 10 and 100 A{} is observed. The high-resolution spectroscopy of image states provides a new tool to study the growth mode, morphology, and island size distribution of ultrathin metal films.
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Fischer et al. (1993) studied this question.
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