Restoring Eubiosis in Intestinal Microbiota as a Therapeutic Strategy for Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is associated with intestinal dysbiosis, especially when it is accompanied by arterial hypertension, metabolic disorder, sympathetic activation, and/or immune deregulation. One particularly common mechanism of pathogenesis triggered by dysbiosis is chronic inflammation. Recent research has highlighted the importance of the microbiota and its genes in health and disease. The aim of the current contribution is to review the possible advantages of certain innovative strategies for establishing eubiosis in CKD patients. A key advance in microbiota research took place in 2007 with the characterization of the human microbiome, finding billions of bacteria in the large intestine, which is 150cm long and has a surface area of 1.3m 2 . Such bacteria are mainly of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. According to the review of the literature, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, parabiotics, and intestinal microbiota transplantation can be beneficial for CKD patients under certain conditions. When intestinal microbiota transplantation afforded a positive outcome for a patient with a C. difficile infection, the procedure was provided with greater validity because this infection is a frequent complication in CKD patients. Upon performing any procedure for reestablishing eubiosis, the recommendations of the U.S. FDA in regard to the crisis of COVID-19 must be considered.