Modeling of F‐region ionospheric upflows observed by EISCAT

High‐latitude ionospheric bulk parameter profiles measured with the European Incoherent Scatter Radar (EISCAT) system are modeled with a modified version of the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) code. Three observed profiles of field‐aligned ion velocities, densities, and ion and electron temperatures for the altitude range 200–800 km are modeled as influenced by the effects of soft (<1 keV) auroral electron precipitation, convection‐driven frictional ion heating, and downward magnetospheric electron heat fluxes. Favorable matches between the observed and modeled profiles with reasonable precipitation, convection, and downward electron heat flux parameters suggest that soft electron precipitation, together with magnetospheric electron heat fluxes, are the primary drivers of the normal ionospheric F‐region upflows observed at high latitudes.