A water-soluble neutral fluorescent conjugated oligomer (FBT) is integrated with graphene oxide (GO) to form a hybrid nanoprobe with extremely low fluorescence background due to the robust quenching capability of GO. The contact between GO and FBT can be effectively shielded by Concanavalin A because of the strong specific protein–carbohydrate interaction, which ultimately allows for light-up visual detection of lectin and Escherichia coli.
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Wang et al. (2011) studied this question.
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