Somaclonal variation in Saccharum spp.: unraveling its potential despite current neglect

Hybridization of different landraces or wild crop species facilitates genetic recombination and leads to the development of improved cultivars, particularly in sexually propagated crops. In contrast, genetic recombination via hybridization in asexually propagated crops like sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) is challenging due to self or cross incompatibility (low fertility). Such crops can be improved by somaclonal variation, which is achieved by tissue culture techniques. As a major contributor to global sugar and bioethanol production, sugarcane suffers substantial yield loss due to various biotic or abiotic stresses, which may be attributed to its poor resistance mechanism. Despite the potential of in vitro culture techniques, somaclonal variation remains underexplored in sugarcane breeding programs. To address the challenges posed to sugarcane under changing environmental dynamics, this review critically evaluates the role of somaclonal variation in sugarcane variety development, its underlying mechanism, practical applications, and factors affecting its occurrence. This review also discusses the limitations and challenges in the practical implementation of this technique in variety development, resulting in its neglect in modern breeding efforts. The focus on the potential of somaclonal variation, sustained by cutting-edge approaches, can unlock its limitations and fulfill the growing future demands of sugar, biofuel, and bioenergy industries.