High pulse pressure is a risk factor for prodromal Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Association between pulse pressure (PP) and AD biomarkers at baseline. (A) PP is negatively correlated with CSF Aβ42 within non-dementia and MCI groups; (B) PP is positively correlated with CSF T-tau within non-dementia and MCI groups; (C) PP is positively correlated with P-tau in all diagnostic groups; (D) PP is positively correlated with CSF T-tau/ Aβ42 within non-dementia and MCI groups; (E) PP is positively correlated with CSF P-tau/Aβ42 in all diagnostic groups; (F) PP was positively correlated with cortical Aβ load in summary SUVR within non-dementia and MCI groups. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CN, cognitively normal; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; Aβ, β-amyloid; SUVR, standardized uptake value ratio. *p<.05; **p<.01; *** p<.001.

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  Figure 2. Associations between baseline pulse pressure and measurements of brain aging. Data from linear mixed-effects models adjusted for age, gender, education, APOE Ɛ4 carrier status, vascular risk factors, cognitive diagnosis, as well as intracranial volume. Increased PP level was associated with an accelerated decline in measurements of brain aging. (A–C) Increased PP level was associated with accelerated decline in hippocampal volume, entorhinal volume and episodic memory performance.

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  Figure 3. Pulse pressure predicts more rapid progression to dementia. The Cox regression indicates that a higher pulse pressure was associated with more rapid progression to dementia. Visually, the survival plot displays results for high pulse pressure in comparison with normal pulse pressure.

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  Figure 4. Flow diagram of participant selection. Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.