Photoactivated Psoralens Elicit Defense Genes and Phytoalexin Production in the Pea Plant

In the pea plant (Pisum sativum), compounds that intercalate into DNA induce the production of ∼20 major proteins similar to the pattern induced during nonhost disease resistance to the bean fungal pathogen, Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli. The pea phytoalexin, pisatin, as well as RNA homologous to several disease‐resistance response (DRR) genes accumulate following treatment with these compounds. Psoralen was chosen to characterize this interaction further because it intercalates into DNA and, following irradiation with 365 nm UV light (UV365), forms covalent bonds with pyrimidines on either or both strands of DNA. This produces monoadducts or cross‐links, respectively. Dose experiments showed that 60 μg/mL 4′‐aminomethyl‐4,5′,8‐trimethylpsoralen followed by 18 J/cm2 UV365 was sufficient to produce an accumulation of pisatin similar to that produced in response to the fungus. Under these inducing conditions, there was an average of 0.19 adducts per kb of pea genomic DNA. The accumulation of pisatin and the RNA of several DRR genes by psoralen required photoactivation, which suggests that covalent binding to DNA was necessary for induction. As the promoters of several putative fungal‐induced pea genes contain long stretches of d(AT)n, which is the preferred psoralen photobinding site, restriction fragments spanning DRR genes were examined after in vivo psoralen treatment. The rate of crosslinking was compared between fungal‐induced and noninduced genes using a modified Southern blot analysis. Implications of the induction of the DRR due to psoralen binding are discussed.