Neural correlates of NOS1 ex1f-VNTR allelic variation in panic disorder and agoraphobia during fear conditioning and extinction in fMRI

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Main effect of NOS1 ex1f-VNTR associated BOLD activation across PD/AG patients and healthy control subjects. S/S: carriers of the S/S-allele variant, n = 22; S/L: carriers of the S/L-allele variant, n=38; L/L: carriers of the L/L-allele variant, n = 22. Bar graphs illustrate the contrast estimates (arbitrary units (a.u.)) of activation. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) in all cases. All Clusters in predefined regions of interest (ROI) using masks of the automatic anatomical labeling (aal) atlas; multiple comparisons were controlled for by using family-wise error (FWE) correction. All beta values were extracted from activation clusters revealed by the S/S- vs. L/L-contrasts. The contrast estimates for the S/L-group was visualized for exploratory purposes by extracting their beta-values from the same clusters as well. A: MNI coordinates x, y, z: −28, 0, −28; 5 voxels; t = 2.74; p=.032. B: MNI coordinates x, y, z: −30, 4, −18; 5 voxels; t = 2.78; p=.029. C: MNI coordinates x, y, z: −30, −16, −22; 36 voxels; t = 3.45; p=.015. D: MNI coordinates x, y, z: 40, −20, −16; 45 voxels; t = 3.45; p=.014.

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  Fig. 2. Differential NOS1 ex1f-VNTR associated BOLD activation in PD/AG compared to HS. S/S: carriers of the S/S-allele variant, n = 22; S/L: carriers of the S/L-allele variant, n=38; L/L: carriers of the L/L-allele variant, n = 22; patients (diagnosis of panic disorder and agoraphobia) n = 48, HS (healthy control subjects) n = 34. Bar graphs illustrate the contrast estimates (a.u.) of activation. Error bars indicate the s.e.m. in all cases. All Clusters in predefined ROIs using masks of the aal-atlas; multiple comparisons were controlled for by using FWE-correction. All beta values were extracted from activation clusters revealed by the S/S- vs. L/L-contrasts. The contrast estimates for the S/L-group was visualized for exploratory purposes by extracting their beta-values from the same clusters as well. A: MNI coordinates x, y, z: 36, 2, −26; 47 voxels; t = 4.74; p<.001. B: MNI coordinates x, y, z: 40, −12, −18; 53 voxels; t = 3.74; p=.006. C: MNI coordinates x, y, z: −30, −4, −22; 23 voxels; t = 3.05; p=.014. D: MNI coordinates x, y, z: −30, −10, −24; 53 voxels; t = 3.84; p=.004.

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  Fig. 3. Interaction of NOS1 ex1f-VNTR associated BOLD activation with diagnosis of PD/AG and stimulus type. S/S: carriers of the S/S-allele variant, n = 22; S/L: carriers of the S/L-allele variant, n=38; L/L: carriers of the L/L-allele variant, n = 22; patients (diagnosis of panic disorder and agoraphobia) n = 48, HS (healthy control subjects) n = 34; CS+: conditioned stimulus that is followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US) with a reinforcement rate of 50% (only unpaired CS+ were included; CS-: conditioned stimulus that is never followed by an US. Bar graphs illustrate the contrast estimates (a.u.) of activation. Error bars indicate the s.e.m. in all cases. All Clusters in predefined ROIs using masks of the aal-atlas; multiple comparisons were controlled for by FWE-correction. All beta values were extracted from activation clusters revealed by the S/S- vs. L/L-contrasts. The contrast estimates for the S/L-group was visualized for exploratory purposes by extracting their beta-values from the same clusters as well. A: MNI coordinates x, y, z: −32, −14, −20; 50 voxels; t = 3.70; p=.007. B: MNI coordinates x, y, z: −20, −8, −16; 25 voxels; t = 3.08; p=.013. C: MNI coordinates x, y, z:…