Membraneless glucose/O2 microfluidic biofuel cells using covalently bound enzymes

We developed a new covalent enzyme immobilization technique compatible with lithography processes. Carbon nanotube electrodes patterned on glass slides were used to create Y-shaped membraneless glucose/O(2) microfluidic biofuel cells. An original extremophilic laccase, CotA from Bacillus subtilis, was used in the cathodic compartment of these miniaturized biofuel cells.