Theodore J. Heilmann, Robert A. Garrott, Larry L. Cadwell, Brett L. Tiller, Behavioral Response of Free-Ranging Elk Treated with an Immunocontraceptive Vaccine, The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 62, No. 1 (Jan., 1998), pp. 243-250
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Heilmann et al. (1998) studied this question.
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