Cause and effect in population declines of migratory birds

AnsTRt•CT.--Populationdeclines have been reported for nearly one-third of all Nearctic migrant birds that winter in the Neotropics.Speculative explanations for these reports have been presented emphasizing the importance of events occurring during one portion of the annual cycle versus another.These explanations are difficult to test directly.However, certain predictions can be made regarding the characteristics of populations controlled by breedingground factors as opposed to those associated with migration or wintering-ground phenomena.These characteristics can be measured for and tested experimentally on a species-byspecies basis.We present 14 such predictions, and review data currently available to assess their relevance to observed declines.Based on these data, populations of many species of Nearctic migrants appear to be controlled by wintering-ground events.