Visualization of synthetic helical polymers by high-resolution atomic force microscopy

Direct observations of the helical structures of artificial helical polymers, such as helical polyacetylenes and polyisocyanides, by atomic force microscopy (AFM) are described in this tutorial review. The two-dimensional helix bundle formation of specific helical polymers on substrates under solvent vapor exposure permits us to determine their helical structures, including their helical pitch and handedness, at a molecular level by AFM in the tapping mode. The direct observation of supramolecular helical structures based on stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylate)s is also described.