Using selective insecticides in sustainable IPM.

Best agricultural practices advocate the use of selective insecticides, but the practicalities of applying novel technologies can be unclear. The aim of this review is to synthesize the existing literature on novel and selective insecticides that are appropriate for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, in tandem with biological control agents or as a more sustainable form of conventional chemical control of insect pests. An overview and definition of selective, non-persistent insecticides are followed by a brief introduction to recent advances in formulation chemistry and genetic engineering and nanotechnology. With the increasing popularity of 'organic' produce, it is critical that the insecticides that are allowed for use in the accredited programmes are in fact the most environmentally sensitive and have the least impact on non-target organisms. Increased emphasis on appropriate residue testing and continued monitoring of pest populations and the selection pressure for resistance are also considered. Regulatory bodies must move in a responsible manner towards approval of environmentally responsible, non-persistent insecticides that can be important components of IPM and sustainable agriculture.