Overweight/Obesity-related microstructural alterations of the fimbria-fornix in the ABCD study: The role of aerobic physical activity

Figures

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  Fig 1. Flow chart of study participants. The study initially assessed 11876 children aged 9 to 10 years recruited from the ABCD Study. After applying the screening and eligibility criteria, data of 8019 children were used in our analysis. a Some participants met more than one criterion. b Data that did not pass the ABCD quality control [27] were excluded. c Parent responses to the KSADS-5 criteria were used for the diagnosis of eating disorders. ABCD = Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development; BMI = body mass index; dMRI = diffusion magnetic resonance imaging; sMRI = structural magnetic resonance imaging; KSADS-5 = Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5); SD = standard deviation; RSI = restriction spectrum imaging; OW = overweight; OB = obese.

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  Fig 2. Associations between the BMI class and fimbria-fornix integrity. In females, the OW/OB group showed lower restricted directional diffusion (R2 = 0.012, B = -0.14 [95% confidence interval = -0.19 to -0.08], z = -4.85, p <0.001) in the fimbria-fornix than the Lean group, while this relationship was not significant in males (R2 = 0.010, B = -0.01 [95% confidence interval = -0.08 to 0.05], z = -0.42, p = 1.00). The mixed-effects model was used to compare RSI metrics between the BMI groups in each sex, including the following variables: age, race or ethnicity, income-to-needs ratio, highest parental education level, parental marital status, pubertal status, and total intracranial volume as fixed effects; and family ID, scanner serial number, and site as random effects. Each column and error bar represents the mean and corresponding standard errors, respectively. The location of the fimbria-fornix mounted on the T1-weighted slices is provided for reference. a RSI metrics that were adjusted for age, race or ethnicity, income-to-needs ratio, highest parental education level, parental marital status, pubertal status, and total intracranial volume are presented. BMI = body mass index; OW =…

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  Fig 3. Associations between aerobic physical activity and fimbria-fornix integrity in females with OW/OB. The number of days of aerobic physical activity in a week was positively associated with restricted directional diffusion of the fimbria-fornix in females with OW/OB (R2 = 0.009, β = 0.04 [95% confidence interval = 0.01 to 0.07], z = 2.36, p = 0.02). The mixed-effects linear regression model was used to test the relationship between aerobic physical activity and RSI metrics, including the following variables: age, race or ethnicity, income-to-needs ratio, highest parental education level, parental marital status, pubertal status, and total intracranial volume as fixed effects; and family ID, scanner serial number, and site as random effects. Bold and thin solid lines represent the regression line and its 95% confidence interval, respectively. a RSI metrics that were adjusted for age, race or ethnicity, income-to-needs ratio, highest parental education level, parental marital status, pubertal status, and total intracranial volume are presented. b We assessed the number of days in a week that the children spent time for a total of at least 60 minutes per day in physical activities…