As long ago as 1911, Henze first showed that the ascidian,Phallusia mammillatahas the ability to accumulate vanadium from the surrounding sea water into its tissues. Since this report, many other workers have demonstrated vanadium as well as other metals such as iron (Koval'kii, Rezaeva & Kol'tsov, 1962; Milanesi & Burighel, 1978; Macara, McLeod & Kustin, 1979a), manganese (Noddack & Noddack, 1939) and niobium (Carlisle, 1958) in various tunicate species.
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Andrew F. Rowley (1982) studied this question.
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