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Ionospheric sounders flown on satellites have returned a wealth of global information of the electron density distribution from theF-region electron peak upwards, not obtainable in any other way. This mini-review outlines the techniques used to obtain topside ionograms and reduce them to electron profiles, indicating the most important differences between ground-based and satellite-based ionograms. An attempt has been made here to indicate the most essential features, with the details provided in the cited references.
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Jackson et al. (1980) studied this question.
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