A Case Study on: Effect of Anthelminthic on Production and Health Condition of a House Hold Holstein Friesian

Background and Objective: One of the most devastating and discouraging constraints to rabbit production is coccidiosis. Thus, coccidiosis is probably the most expensive and wide spread infectious disease in commercial rabbit systems. This study was therefore carried out to validate the use of Pentaclethra macrophylla (P.M) in fighting against coccidiosis. Materials and Methods: The dried stem bark of P. macrophylla was pulverized using an electrical grinder under hygienic conditions. Four types of extracts (methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, and infusion extracts) were prepared to compare their anticoccidial and antioxidant activities. Sporulation inhibition bioassay was used to evaluate in vitro anticoccidial activity of P. macrophylla extracts on sporulation of Eimeria magna, Eimeria flavescens, Eimeria stiedae and Eimeria intestinalis oocysts and sporozoites. In this assay, Petri dishes of 5 ml containing 1000 unsporulated oocysts per milliliter were exposed to five concentrations of extracts in 2.5% Potassium dichromate solution (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg/ml) for oocysticidal activities and 125, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 g/ml for in vitro anti-sporozoidal activities. The set up was examined after 24 and 48 hours for oocysticidal activities and after 12 and 24 hours for anti-sporozoidal activities. The in vitro antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP), the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging. Total flavonoids and total phenolic contents were also evaluated. Cytotoxicity of the methanol extract was determined against animal cell line fibroblast L929 cells using MTT assay. The impact of toxicity was established by analysing Selectivity Index values. To justify these activities, phytochemical screening was made. Results: The highest oocysticidal efficacy was 72.001.00 % at 30 mg/ml of methanolic extract against Eimeria intestinalis after 48 hours of incubation. The lowest efficacy was 7.004.36% (E. flavescens) at 2.5 mg/ml of the infusion extract after 48 hours of incubation. For each concentration and for all the Eimeria species, the methanol extracts were more efficient. The general tendency was that of a decrease in inhibition rate with an increase in incubation time. The highest viability inhibitory percentage was 80.33 at 1000 g/ml of P. macrophylla methanolic extract against E. intestinalis sporozoites. The in vitro antioxidant activity of P. macrophylla extracts showed that they possess antioxidant activities against DPPH and NO radicals and iron reducing power. The best antioxidant activity were observed with the methanolic extract on the DPPH radical (IC 50 6.32 g/ml), nitric oxide radical (79.54%) compounds and iron reducing power value (2.50). The cytotoxicity of the most active extract (Methanolic extract) exhibited CC 50 of >30 g ml against fibroblast L929 cell lines, suggesting that the compound was not toxic. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and phenols. Conclusion: Our findings, have scientifically validated the use of P. macrophylla in fighting against Coccidiosis.