Intermediate-temperature fuel cells have received much recent attention as next generation energy sources. In particular, current efforts are devoted to developing proton conductors that operate at 120 °C or more and at low relative humidity. Proton conduction in several metal pyrophosphates (MP2O7, M = Sn, Ti, Si, Ge, Ce, and Zr) that have the potential to meet the demands for intermediate-temperature fuel cell applications are reviewed with an emphasis on the material aspects.
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Jin et al. (2010) studied this question.
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