Electroreflectance imaging of gold–H 3 PO 4 supercapacitors. Part I: experimental methodology

Electroreflectance microscopy is demonstrated as a high-resolution, non-contact method to image dynamic charge distribution in integrated microsupercapacitor structures during fast voltage cycling. Electroreflectance camera images of a gold electrode H3PO4 polymer electrolyte microsupercapacitor reveal time varying charge distribution with submicron spatial resolution, millisecond time resolution, and electroreflectance resolution on the order of 500 nC cm(-2). A model describing changes in the metal electrode's optical constants as a function of free electron concentration shows good agreement with measured electroreflectance. The proposed method can be used for sensitive, non-contact measurements of charge spatial distribution, and defect and performance characterization in electrode-electrolyte microdevices.