An α-Al 2 O 3 (011̅2) wafer was immersed in an aqueous KCl solution of 1 mol L −1 and observed with a frequency-modulation atomic force microscope. The tip−surface force was precisely determined as a function of the tip−surface distance. The force−distance relationship contained oscillations accompanied with an exponentially decayed, electric double layer force. The force oscillations were ascribed to liquid water layers confined over the Al 2 O 3 surface.
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Hiasa et al. (2010) studied this question.
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