Levels of Circulating Ketone Bodies in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery on Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Figures

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  Figure 1. Pre- and postoperative measurements of total KBs and troponin. Individual patients are shown as coloured dots. Summary measures (median and interquartile range) for each time point are shown in Table 2. Pre-and postoperative measures are shown for (A) total ketone bodies; (B) troponin.

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  Figure 2. (A) Scatterplot of preoperative total ketone bodies and troponin levels. Each dot represents a patient. A linear regression fit with the mean estimate (solid line) and 95% confidence interval (shaded) are shown. Regression coefficients are shown below the x-axis. (B) Scatterplot of regression coefficients (denoting adjusted associations) of scaled patient characteristics and comorbidities with preoperative total KBs and troponin (see Methods). The solid diagonal line refers to a 1:1 relationship, with the distance from this line serving as a visual indicator of variations in the strength of associations between patient characteristics and preoperative levels of each of the biomarkers.

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  Figure 3. (A) Scatterplot of perioperative changes in total ketone bodies and troponin levels. Each dot represents a patient. A linear regression fit with the mean estimate (solid line) and 95% confidence interval (shaded) are shown. Regression coefficients are shown below the x-axis. (B) Scatterplot of regression coefficients (denoting adjusted associations) of scaled patient characteristics and comorbidities with perioperative change in total KBs and troponin (see Methods). The solid diagonal line refers to a 1:1 relationship, with the distance from this line serving as a visual indicator of variations in the strength of associations between patient characteristics and perioperative changes for each of the biomarkers.

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  Figure 4. Scatterplot and linear regression of perioperative changes in total ketone bodies (A) and in troponin levels (B). Each dot represents a patient. A linear regression fit with the mean estimate (solid line) and 95% confidence interval (shaded) are shown. The regression coefficients are shown below the x-axis.