Nutritional trial demonstrates that organic manganese enhances immune and metabolic health in Litopenaeus vannamei, suggesting superior bioavailability over traditional sources.
< 0.05). In summary, although growth remained unaffected, organic Mn sources, particularly Mn-Gly and Mn-MHA, demonstrated superior bioavailability by enhancing antioxidant status, immune function, and hepatopancreas health as well as by regulating lipid metabolism.
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Peng et al. (2026) studied this question.
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