A Comprehensive Review on the Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, and Pharmacological Potential of Evolvulus Nummularius

Evolvulus nummularius (L.) A perennial, creeping herb, L. is a member of the family Convolvulaceae and is widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical areas. It has been traditionally used for the treatment of wounds, inflammation, fever, gastrointestinal disorders, skin infections, helminthic infestation and other ailments for a long time. In recent years, phytochemical studies have revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, tannins and saponins, which have been associated with its various biological effects. The ethnopharmacological significance of E. nummularius was established through experimental studies showing its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, wound healing, hepatoprotective and anthelmintic activities. There are also available toxicological studies that indicate a favourable safety profile, although there are limited long-term toxicity and clinical investigations. The botanical details, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, toxicological studies and future research potential of E. nummularius are summarised. The evidence compiled demonstrates the therapeutic potential of this medicinal plant, and further phytochemical, pharmacological and clinical studies are needed to assist the development of this plant to a scientifically validated herbal therapeutic agent.