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The paper reviews in condensed form and from a historical perspective the various methods for treating and simulating turbulence and its effects in hydraulic flows. After highlighting the main characteristic features of turbulence and the role it plays in hydraulics, a necessarily brief overview is given of the main methods used in hydraulic flow calculations for dealing with turbulence and its effects. These are (1) empirical relations, (2) methods solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with the aid of statistical turbulence models, (3) direct numerical simulations (DNS), and (4) large-eddy simulations (LES). Brief comments are made on the historical development of the different methods, and for RANS, DNS, and LES methods some application examples are presented. For details on the individual methods and further application examples, the reader is directed to the very extensive literature.
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W. Rodi (2017) studied this question.
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