Epigenetics and its influence on gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. A literature review

Introduction: Epigenetics studies the interaction between genes and environment, influencing health and the development of diseases. During pregnancy, these epigenetic mechanisms can predispose to diseases in offspring. Gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation (RCIU) are related to epigenetic mechanisms, which highlights the influence of the prenatal environment on the future health of the fetus in the long term. Objectives: To understand the concept of epigenetics, its relationship in pregnancy and to analyze the correlation between epigenetics and gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation. Methodology: A research of available evidence was carried out, the main databases and metasearch engines were used, using descriptors of Health Sciences DESC and Medical Subject Headings MeSH, the inclusion criteria were: scientific articles related to the topic under study published between 2014 and 2024, in Spanish and English and of scientific quality. Results: Gestational diabetes, preeclampsia and RCIU are closely related to epigenetic mechanisms, which can increase the susceptibility of the fetus to cardiovascular, metabolic and developmental diseases in both the short and long term. Discussion: Early identification of epigenetic biomarkers can improve risk prevention and treatment of complications, benefiting maternal-fetal health. Conclusion: It is important for midwives and other professionals to be familiar with this area in order to promote healthy habits and provide evidence-based health education. Advancing research will allow the development of preventive strategies and improve maternal-fetal health.