Transition metal oxide cluster anions in the gas phase have been investigated by infrared spectroscopy (see picture). In combination with density functional calculations, the spectra produce compelling evidence that these anions have polyhedral cage structures. With increasing size, the extra electron becomes localized, which leads to a lowering of the symmetry of the polyhedra from D2d to Cs.
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Asmis et al. (2005) studied this question.
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