Room-temperature ferromagnetism was observed in Mn and Zn codoped SnO2 films grown on c-cut sapphires by using pulsed laser deposition technique. The valence of Mn ions in the codoped films is determined to be 2+ from x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy. Moreover, the ferromagnetism is affected by the carrier concentration of the films. This result is consistent with the carrier-mediated model.
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Liu et al. (2009) studied this question.
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