Seismogenic effects in ULF/ELF/VLF electromagnetic waves

There has been an enormous progress in the field of electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes (EQs) and EQ prediction during the last three decades, and it is recently agreed that electromagnetic effects do appear prior to an EQ. A few phenomena are well recognizedas being statistically correlated with EQs: one is the lithospheric radio emission in the ULF (ultra-low frequency, f<1Hz) range, and the second is ionospheric perturbation not only in the lower ionosphere as seen by subionospheric VLF (very low frequency, 3kHz<f<30kHz)/LF (low frequency, 30kHz<f<300 kHz) propagation but also in the upper F region as detected by ionosondes, TEC observations, satellite observations, etc.