Key result
Hypertension increases the risk of moderate to severe extracranial carotid stenosis by 80%, and cigarette smoking independently increases the risk by 40% for every 10 years of smoking.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Extracranial and intracranial carotid stenosis are major contributors to ischemic stroke, with smoking, hypertension, and diabetes being key modifiable risk factors.
The independent predictors of moderate to severe extracranial carotid stenosis in addition to age and sex, are duration of cigarette smoking, hypertension (whether or not it is treated), and diabetes mellitus. In the presence of these variables, there is also a small independent effect of LDL cholesterol and perhaps a small protective effect of HDL cholesterol. The predictors of Intracranial carotid stenosis are very similar, but there appears to be relatively little overlap between extracranial and intracranial carotid stenosis in individual patients. The prevalence of extracranial carotid stenosis and of intracranial carotid stenosis increases with age, and for an individual age group extracranial carotid stenosis is more prevalent than intracranial carotid stenosis. For persons with ischemic stroke, the pathologic substrate is either extracranial carotid stenosis or intracranial carotid stenosis in about 25%. About half of all ischemic strokes are related to some type of extracranial or intracranial arterial disease. (Hypertens Res 1994; 17 Suppl.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Jack P. Whisnant (1994) conducted a review in Extracranial and Intracranial Arterial Disease. Cigarette smoking, hypertension, and diabetes vs. Absence of these risk factors was evaluated on Moderate to severe extracranial and intracranial carotid stenosis. Hypertension increases the risk of moderate to severe extracranial carotid stenosis by 80%, and cigarette smoking independently increases the risk by 40% for every 10 years of smoking.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: