The human δ opioid receptor activates Gi1α more efficiently than Go1α

To assess the relative capacity of the human delta opioid receptor to activate closely related G proteins, fusion proteins were constructed in which the alpha-subunits of either G(i1) or G(o1), containing point mutations to render them insensitive to the actions of pertussis toxin, were linked in-frame with the C-terminus of the receptor. Following transient and stable expression in HEK 293 cells, both constructs bound the antagonist [(3)H]naltrindole with high affinity. D-ala(2),D-leu(5) Enkephalin effectively inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity in intact cells in a concentration-dependent, but pertussis toxin-insensitive, manner. The high-affinity GTPase activity of both constructs was also stimulated by D-ala(2),D-leu(5) enkephalin with similar potency. However, enzyme kinetic analysis of agonist stimulation of GTPase activity demonstrated that the GTP turnover number produced in response to D-ala(2),D-leu(5) enkephalin was more than three times greater for G(i1)alpha than for G(o1)alpha. As the effect of agonist in both cases was to increase V:(max) without increasing the observed K:(m) for GTP, this is consistent with receptor promoting greater guanine nucleotide exchange, and thus activation, of G(i1)alpha compared with G(o1)alpha. An equivalent fusion protein between the human mu opioid receptor-1 and G(i1)alpha produced a similar D-ala(2),D-leu(5) enkephalin-induced GTP turnover number as the delta opioid receptor-G(i1)alpha fusion construct, consistent with agonist occupation of these two opioid receptor subtypes being equally efficiently coupled to activation of G(i1)alpha.