Trace Element Deficiencies during Total Parenteral Nutrition

The diagnostic features of copper deficiency are discussed, and a case presentation is compared with other reports in the literature. The need for copper supplement is stressed when total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is given to patients whose gastrointestinal tract is either shortened or incapable of reabsorbing copper. Since copper is recycled through the small bowel by way of the bile, any dysfunction of this area can lead to copper deficiency during TPN if inadequate amounts of copper are added to the basic TPN solutions. It is suggested that Dr. Shils' formula be used twice weekly for prophylaxis during long-term hyperalimentation and daily as a therapeutic agent when a deficiency is diagnosed.