A sufficiently long spacer between the antithrombin- and thrombin-binding domains (ABD and TBD, respectively) is necessary to impart antithrombin activity to a synthetic glycoconjugate (shown schematically below). The spacer need not consist of multiple sugar units as in heparin; a simple chain about 50 atoms in length suffices. In addition, varying the charge density of the TBD affects the inhibitor activity, and symmetric glycoconjugates (TBD = ABD) also display high antithrombin activities.
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Westerduin et al. (1996) studied this question.
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