Variation of the equilibrium uptake of cationic dyes with pH has shown that sulfonic groups in polyacrylonitrile fibers behave as weak acids. Deviations of experimental results from a Langmuir-type relation derived for competition between different cations for a limited number of anionic sites could be explained by electrostatic repulsive interactions between the sites. What appeared to be favorable interactions were attributed to a partial covalent character in the bond between dye and sulfonate group.
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Shlomo Rosenbaum (1963) studied this question.
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