Summary Control profiles of three samples of male college students (49 football players, 70 tennis players, and 88 nonathletes) were determined by administering a battery of sphere-specific scales measuring perception of control. Athletes reported greater perception of control than nonathletes in all behavioral spheres. Football players were particularly high in interpersonal control, whereas tennis players rated highest in personal efficacy. Tennis players experienced higher personal efficacy when their sport was in season. Within each sport an athlete's success was related to his belief in Machiavellian tactics.
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Paulhus et al. (1979) studied this question.
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