An Improved LES on Dense Particle‐Liquid Turbulent Flows Using Integrated Boltzmann Equations

An improved large eddy simulation (LES) using a dynamic second‐order subgrid stress (SGS) model has been developed for simulating dense particle‐liquid two‐phase turbulent flows. The governing equations of each phase are obtained from a microscopic point of view, using the kinetic theory of molecular gas. They are derived by multiplying the Boltzmann equation of each phase by property parameters and integrating over the velocity space. An inter‐particle collision term is included in the governing equation of the particle phase. Assuming a Maxwellian distribution of the velocity for particle‐phase, an inter‐particle collision term is derived.