The fluorescence dynamics of the and energy levels of in single crystals codoped or not codoped with and ions was experimentally investigated and compared with classical energy-transfer models. In the and crystals, the state relaxes predominantly by internal cross-relaxation-type energy transfers, whereas in the and crystals the relaxation is dominated by direct energy transfers to the state of the ions. In all of the codoped systems, strong energy transfers from the state of the ions to the and states of the and codopants were evident. The electric dipole-electric dipole coupling parameter was evaluated for several cross-relaxation and direct-energy-transfer processes.
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Bettinelli et al. (1998) studied this question.
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