A Systematic Review of Drug Therapy Problems Commonly Faced by Renal Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Nigeria

Victims of Chronic kidney disease (CKD) are usually present with multi-morbid conditions and are later prescribed poly-pharmacy to contest these conditions leading to drug-drug interactions (DDI). This systematic review determines CKD prevalence, evaluates the relationships of CKD with drug therapy problems (DTPs), and provides possible interventions in Nigeria. PubMed, African Journal Online, BMC, and Google search between June 2005 and December 2019 for studies on the prevalence of CKD and pattern of DDIs in Nigeria. Sixty-three were evaluated, 40 were excluded, and only 23 were included in the final data analysis after realistic selection for quality assessment. Ten studies showed the prevalence of CKD, 13 DTPs, and DDIs. Two articles identified 24.4 % and 26 % prevalence of CKD, four studies had 12.3 %, 14.2 %, 2.5 % and 13.4. One study revealed a prevalence of CKD (11.4 %), two separate studies had a prevalence of CKD (of 7.8 %), and another two in Southwestern Nigeria had different CKD prevalences of 7.5 % and 27.6 %. Seven showed higher percentages of CKD in women than men. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, old age, elevated blood pressure, family history of renal disease, low-income occupations, abdominal obesity, and habitual intake of analgesics and herbs were the most common risk factors in CKD. Studies categorized furosemide, lisinopril, and amlodipine as commonly prescribed drugs, and ferrous sulfate and calcium carbonate were identified as DDIs. Clinical pharmacists and other prescribers should develop ways to administer drugs in co-morbidity for a special population like CKD to prevent DDIs peril.