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A high yield of levulinic acid was produced by directly converting cellulose over a ZrO2 catalyst by a one-pot catalytic aqueous phase partial oxidation (APPO) process. Compared to conventional acid hydrolysis, APPO is a highly selective and environmentally benign process with merits of easy recovery and re-use of heterogeneous catalysts.
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Lin et al. (2012) studied this question.
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