A liquid-crystal light shutter based upon homeotropic orientation has been fabricated, such that no rubbing is required. The device, which is dark in the voltage-off state and transmitting in the voltage-on state, exhibits contrast ratios in excess of 3000:1, with transmission efficiencies of 70% to 95%. Characterization results of one prototype are reported herein.
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Fisch et al. (1994) studied this question.
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