Exploring the role of hybrid nanoparticle fluids and thermal radiation in atmosphere adjacent to hemisphere

The present study addresses the effects of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation on climate change in the presence of hybrid nanoparticle fluid flow around a hemisphere fixed at an angle α to the horizontal. The main aim of this study is to investigate climate change sustainability by considering Al 2 O 3 –Cu hybrid nanoparticles in the atmosphere as a cooling process. For this purpose, a mathematical model based on nonlinear coupled partial differential equations is formulated, transformed into primitive form using suitable scaling variables, and solved numerically using the finite difference method. Furthermore, the influence of the governing parameters on the velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, and mass transfer rate along the hemispherical surface is investigated. The results demonstrate that increasing radiative heat flux reduces fluid velocity due to enhanced thermal radiation effects, while increasing the temperature and mass concentration by promoting thermal energy transport. Moreover, viscous dissipation enhances velocity and temperature profiles through internal heat generation, whereas it decreases the mass concentration due to increased thermal diffusion. The findings provide new insights into the influence of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation on atmospheric heat and mass transport in the presence of hybrid nanoparticles, highlighting their potential for climate-related thermal management applications. The results are presented and discussed using graphs, tables, and contour plots to highlight the physical behaviour of the flow.