Ultrasound improves the outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats by stimulating the cholinergic anti‑inflammatory pathway

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Experimental protocol. Ultrasound was applied to the rats 1 day prior to induction of VF. VF, ventricular fibrillation; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

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  Figure 2.. No significant difference in (A) aortic diastolic pressure and (B) heart rates between all groups during CPR were observed. However, the decrease in (C) CPR duration and (D) electrical shock times was observed in US-treated animals. #P<0.01 vs. CPR group; *P<0.05 vs. CPR group. US, Ultrasound; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

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  Figure 3.. US inhibits the concentrations of (A) TNF-α and (B) IL-6 at 1,4 and 72 h following resuscitation. *P<0.01 vs. SHAM. **P<0.01 vs. US; #P<0.01 and ##P<0.05 vs. CPR. (C) US prolonged the survival time following CPR. Kaplan-Meier curves of the cumulative survival rates at 72 h following resuscitation. *P<0.01 US vs. CPR; #P<0.05 GTS-21 vs. CPR. US, ultrasound; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6.

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  Figure 4.. Neurological Defect Score at 24, 48 and 72 h following resuscitation in all groups. The neurologic deficits were scored from 0 (no observed neurologic deficit) to 500 (death or brain death). *P<0.05 US vs. CPR. US, ultrasound; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

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  Figure 5.. Hippocampal morphology as assessed in hematoxylin & eosin-stained tissue sections. (A) The prevention of the injury to hippocampal neurons in animals exposed to US treatment was confirmed. Scale bar, 50 µm. (B) Quantification of hippocampal CA1 neuronal cell death. *P<0.01 vs. CPR; #P<0.01 vs. MLA. US, ultrasound; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

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  Figure 6.. NeuN and α7nAChR expression patterns. (A) Immunostaining for neuronal marker NeuN and α7nAChR. α7nAChR was stained in red and NeuN was stained in green. The microphotograph representing the double staining for α7nAChR and NeuN demonstrated that the hippocampal neurons expressed α7nAChR. Scale bar, 200 µm. (B) Representative blots of α7nAChR proteins detected by western blot analysis. (C) The levels of α7nAChR in hippocampus at 72 h following resuscitation. *P<0.05 vs. SHAM group; #P<0.01 vs. CPR group. NeuN, anti-RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3; α7nAChR, α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; US, ultrasound; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.